Blower door testing (or air leakage testing) is an important part of the building process, as it determines the overall air tightness of a building, and helps to identify problematic leaks that may be present. As a result, it has been required for all new construction and additions since the 2015 IECC was released. Most CO municipalities have adopted the 2015 IECC by now. And many have moved on to the 2018 IECC and 2021 IECC.

When comparing the three different IECC iterations, their air leakage rules are fairly similar. However, the 2021 version of the IECC implemented a very important update with regards to attached single family, multi-family and small dwelling units.

Since more and more counties are moving toward the 2021 IECC standard, it’s a good idea to get acquainted with this update. As blower door testing specialists, it’s our job to stay on top of these things. So we decided to release an article, specifically about the air leakage section. Let’s dive in!

2021 IECC Air Leakage Testing Rules

As stated above, most of the of the air leakage testing rules have remained the same since the 2015 IECC. We have touched on these rules in a past blog. So if you need to get to up to speed, check out this article.

To summarize, a blower door test must be performed in any new construction or addition. All the windows, exterior doors, flues, and vents (where applicable) must be closed or sealed off during the test. The test must be conducted at a pressure of 50 Pascals; and the result must not exceed 3.0 air changes per hour (ACH) or 0.28 cubic feet per minute (CFM) in order to pass. These are tests that our energy services team has been performing throughout the CO Front Range for several years now.

So What’s the Update?

If you take a look at section R402.4.1.2, you will see that an exception has been added for air leakage testing. It reads:

Exception: When testing individual dwelling units, an air leakage rate not exceeding 0.30 cubic feet per minute per square foot of the dwelling unit enclosure area, tested in accordance with ANSI/RESNET/ICC 380, ASTM E779 or ASTM E1827 and reported at a pressure of 0.2 inch w.g. (50 Pa), shall be an accepted alternative permitted in all climate zones for:

1. Attached single-family and multiple-family building dwelling units.
2. Buildings or dwelling units that are 1,500 square feet or smaller.

This new update essentially allows you to utilize a different metric for attached single-family and multiple-family units or buildings that are under 1,500 square feet when testing each unit individually.

When conducting this test, the blower door specialist must measure the area of all floors, ceilings, and walls to the exterior of the dwelling to calculate its surface area. This means that walls/ceilings/floors shared with adjoining units do not need to be included in the surface area calculation. Next, they perform the blower door test at a pressure of 50 Pascals. We then take our total CFM reading, and divide it by the square feet of enclosure area. If the resulting number is at 0.30 CFM/sq ft or lower, the structure has passed the test.

What’s The Difference?

The main difference between the two air leakage tests is dimensions used for each respective formula and how the results are calculated.

For the original test:

The CFM/sq ft is calculated at 50 Pascals, then multiplied by 60 to yield the air changes per hour (ACH). Next, the square footage of the dwelling is multiplied by its ceiling height to calculate the volume of the space. Finally, the ACH is divided by the volume. The answer to this equation must equal 5 ACH or less in order to pass.

For the updated test:

The CFM/ sq ft is calculated at 50 Pascals. Then, the surface area of all floors, ceilings, and walls to the exterior are summed up (remember this excludes walls/ceilings/floors shared with other units). Then the CFM/sq ft is divided by the overall surface area of the dwelling. The resulting number must be 0.30 CFM/sq ft or lower in order to pass.

Is This Update a Good Thing?

Yes it is! This update has proven to be quite helpful for smaller dwellings. Most homes have similar components, regardless of size (i.e. doors, windows, ventilation penetrations, etc.). This means that whether the home is 5,000 sq ft or 1,200 sq ft, it will have to same potential areas for air leakage.

So during the traditional blower door test, a smaller home with the same amount of air leakage as a larger home is going to yield a higher ACH. For this reason small units have a difficult time yielding a passing test score. The updated test has made a passing score more attainable for small homes.

Multi-family and attached single dwellings (such as duplexes) especially benefit from this new exception. In the past, these types of buildings have had difficulty passing due to leakage occurring into adjacent apartments.

However, this type of leakage is not actually occurring to the exterior, and thus not actually an energy loss from the building as a whole. So that type of air leakage is not as big of a concern, from an energy stand point. As a result, the the new air leakage test allows the tester to omit these shared surfaces when calculating surface area.

Learn more about how to best prepare your multi-family building for blower door testing. Check out our article: 7 Tips For Multi-Family Blower Door Testing.

Blower Door Testing Services

Let’s face it, energy codes are strict. And as time passes by, they will probably continue to get stricter. That’s why it helps to have energy pros on your side to help you reach compliance each step of the way. At Scott Energy Services, a division of Scott Home Services, blower door testing is one of our flagship services. With a team of highly trained, experienced and professional energy specialists, we are equipped to help meet your project deadlines.

If you need an air leakage test or any other energy services, we encourage you visit us online or contact our energy service team today!

On June 1, 2023, the city of Loveland, CO officially adopted the 2021 IECC and implemented some specific amendments. One of the most significant changes has to do with energy compliance evaluation. In the past, builders were allowed to utilize a prescriptive path to make sure their project was code-compliant. However, the updated Loveland building code has mandated that the performance path must be used for new residential building construction. The amendment states the following:

NEW SINGLE FAMILY HOMES, TWO-FAMILY HOMES, TOWNHOMES, AND APARTMENTS MUST USE THE TOTAL BUILDING PERFORMANCE (R405) OR THE ENERGY RATING INDEX (R406) COMPLIANCE PATH.

Because the prescriptive path has been the “go-to” method for many contractors in the past, this recent change may require a little more attention from contractors and guidance from energy experts like us.

All this code jargon might be little confusing. So before we dive in to the details of Loveland’s new rules, let’s revisit what prescriptive and performance actually mean.

Prescriptive Path Vs. Performance Path

In modern day construction, buildings are required to meet certain energy-based criteria in order to be deemed code-compliant. Most municipalities in Colorado follow the International Energy Conservation Code (IECC). In the 2021 IECC (the most recent iteration at the time of this writing), section R401.2 states that in order to reach energy code compliance, there are multiple paths you can take.

The first one is the prescriptive path. This is the “by the book” method. If you are taking this path, you must meet all of the requirements in R401 through R404 exactly as directed. It’s the stricter method, but has generally been the more popular route in the past. However, now that energy standards are becoming tighter, it is also becoming more difficult and costly to stick to the prescriptive path.

On the other hand, you have the performance path. This is a less rigid pathway that gives builders more freedom in designing the home, as long as it meets minimum 2021 IECC energy standards. For this route, a certified HERS rater must first compile a projected energy rating report for the necessary permits. Then they must conduct code verifications throughout the construction process. And lastly, they need to follow up with final testing and a report when the project is done.

With this method, you are able to take advantage of “trade-offs.” Trade-offs are a concept established in the HERS Rating system. This means that a certain high efficiency component of your home can compensate for another aspect of the home that isn’t as efficient. For instance, if you have a very energy efficient heating and cooling system, you might have some leeway with your window U-factors and heat gain coefficients . If utilized correctly, trade-offs can actually prove to save you money! (Check out our article, Saving Money On Insulation With a HERS Rating/ERI in 2021 IECC )

2021 IECC presents two options for the performance path – The Total Building Performance Option, explained in section R405; or The Energy Rating Index (ERI) Option, described in section R406.

Loveland Building Code

While many jurisdictions allow builders the option to take the prescriptive or performance path, this is actually not the case in Loveland. As stated above, the city of Loveland has implemented an amendment making it mandatory for all new construction projects to use the performance path only.

Contractors are able to utilize the Total Building Performance method or the ERI method. Whichever option you choose to follow, you must make sure to hire a qualified individual to prepare the report and conduct the necessary tests. According to Loveland’s list of amendments, any one of the following credentials is acceptable:

• RESNET Rater or RFI
• BPI Building Analyst or BPI IDL
• Other building performance professional approved the building official

Now that the prescriptive path has been phased out in Loveland, we will likely see a shift in how builders are approaching their projects.

Scott Energy Services

It seems like energy codes and requirements are constantly updating and changing. Sometimes it’s hard to keep up! At Scott Energy Services, we make it our priority to stay current on all municipality-wide building codes, so you don’t have to.

We have RESNET-certified HERS Raters on staff, who are well-versed in the procedures needed to successfully conduct a performance-based energy evaluation on your new build. And we serve a wide area of the state along the Front Range, from Wellington, all the way down to Colorado Springs and everywhere in between, including Loveland!

We hope that you will consider Scott Energy Services for your next building project. To learn more about our services, visit us online or contact us to get a HERS Rating quote.

If you are in the building industry, you are no doubt familiar with the International Energy Conservation Code (IECC).  This code is used as an industry standard for new building projects and renovations. And it establishes what guidelines need to be followed in order to meet code. As an Energy Services company, we make it our business to stay in-the-know about any IECC updates or changes. That is why we are going discuss the recent changes to duct leakage testing requirements within the IECC 2021 version.

But before we dive into the IECC changes, let’s first discuss duct leakage testing and what it is…

What is Duct Leakage Testing?

Simply put, the purpose of duct testing is to evaluate how well a home’s duct system can hold air. The more leaks your duct system has, the less efficient it will be.

A leaky duct system will result in wasted energy and wasted money. Furthermore, poorly sealed air ducts can cause unevenly distributed heat or AC throughout the home, resulting in an uncomfortable living environment.

At Scott Energy Services, duct leakage testing is one of our primary energy services. Most counties in Colorado adhere to the IECC standards, and thus, the duct leakage protocol. As a result, we have performed hundreds of these tests with our tried and true method!

How Does It Work?

To begin, all duct openings (including supply and return registers) must be sealed off with specialized HVAC tape. A large fan is then sealed securely to the air handler opening or a large return opening (as shown above). However, this is usually done at rough-in on new construction homes.

We run the fan to depressurize the duct system down to -25 pascals. The amount of air moving through the fan is then calculated. This number, referred to as the CFM25, indicates the amount of air leakage in the duct system.

For more details about our duct leakage testing process, you can check out our website.

How Did the IECC 2021 Codes Change Duct Leakage Testing?

Believe it or not, just one sentence was removed from the 2021 IECC duct testing section. However, this one change makes a BIG difference.

If you look at the “exceptions” in the R403.3.3 Duct testing section of the 2018 IECC, it states that “a duct air-leakage test shall not be required where the ducts and air handlers are located entirely within the building thermal envelope.” This is consistent in IECC 2015 codes as well.

The reason this initial exception existed was because if duct leakage occurred within the thermal envelope, heated or cooled air could still be captured to a certain degree.

Now compare that to section R403.3.5 Duct testing in the 2021 IECC, and that statement has been removed. This means that, in jurisdictions that have adopted the 2021 IECC, all air-handling ductwork will need duct testing, even if it does not run outside the thermal envelope of the home. For homes with more than one HVAC system, both systems will need to be tested.

This is big news, and it might be a bit of a curveball for some builders. This is because it has never been a requirement, since the IECC’s inception of the duct testing rule in 2015.

When comparing ductwork that remains within the thermal envelope to ductwork that exits the thermal envelope, leakage requirements differ slightly. According to section R403.3.6, leakage for duct systems that leave the envelope of the home, must not exceed 4.0. cubic feet per minute per 100 square feet of the conditioned floor area. On the contrary, ducts that remain within the thermal envelope must be less than or equal to 8.0 cubic feet per minute per 100 square feet. So there is slight bit more leniency when it comes to ducts within the thermal envelope.

Builders who haven’t needed this type of testing in past projects now must factor it in. They must be sure not to skip over this stage of testing during their projects. It will also contribute to a marginal increase in costs that must be factored where necessary.

What Are the Benefits Of This Change?

This updated code might ruffle some feathers. But from an energy efficiency standpoint, this rule does have its benefits. One of our certified HERS raters, Joe Ophoff, spoke on the matter:

“In new construction home design, there is a great emphasis on air leakage and distribution.  New homes are designed for super performance, so really fine-tuning distribution systems are necessary for comfort throughout the house. Too much duct leakage can indicate a failure in the installation of the duct system, so we can catch a bad install at the ‘rough mechanical’ phase to ensure things are installed correctly. But also, the duct designs are carefully calculated to ensure distribution equilaterally throughout the house, so any significant leakage would affect that.”

Joe illustrates this point well – it all comes down to energy efficiency and optimum HVAC performance. If your interior ducts have too much leakage, they might not evenly distribute heat/air throughout the house. So when you get the system tested during the building process, you are able to pinpoint any issues and have them addressed before the project is finished.

In many counties across the country, including most in Colorado, Manual J/S/D reports are required to get a permit. These reports design the duct system prior to installation; and they calculate the perfect amount and balance of airflow and velocity for each room of the home. However, these reports assume the presence of well-sealed ducts for the results to match the initial calculation.

So this is another step in the process of engineering a super comfortable home for the homeowner, and ensuring everyone is getting the most out of the energy they are using. We wouldn’t be surprised to see actual airflow balancing or velocity testing requirements in the future to even further verify the performance of the duct systems.

In Need of Energy Services?

At Scott Energy Services, a division of Scott Home Services, we are seasoned duct leakage experts. But that’s not all. We also have a number of other energy services, including energy audits, HERS rating, blower door testing, REScheck report services, insulation inspections and air barrier inspections. And we make sure to stay up on the ever-changing codes, in order to help you move along through your project without a hitch.

But what’s a good duct system without the right mechanical design? As you likely know, the IECC requires all new builds and additions to submit a Manual J, S, and D report to ensure mechanical design code compliance. This is another service that we proudly offer. If you need a Manual J/S/D report, we a have team of experts ready to help!

No matter what your next building project needs may be, we would love to be of service! Visit us online to learn more or contact us to book your services today.