We’ve all seen those outlets with the little “test” and “reset” buttons on the face of the outlet.  These are called “GFCI” outlets.  The “GFCI” stands for Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter.   But what does that mean? And why are these types of outlets necessary?

The Shocking Details

Perhaps at some point in your life you have experienced a mild shock from an outlet while plugging in a cord. Or at some point in your childhood, you pushed something metallic into an outlet, possibly at a devious sibling’s prompting.

When this happens, the electricity travels quickly through your body, looking for a path to ground.  You essentially become the wire that the electricity travels through.  These types of shocks can be very jarring.

Thankfully, most of the time minor shocks don’t result in injury or death.  However, there is a real possibility that a person could suffer burns, tissue injury, or even heart failure and death from electric shock on a standard 120 volt circuit.

There are various factors that can determine the outcome or severity of a shock.   These factors are:

1. The strength of the voltage
2. Your resistance as the conductor (wet skin is much less resistant than dry)
3. The path that the electricity takes through your body (through the heart is a bad path)
4. The duration of the electric shock.  If the amperage running through your body is high enough, your muscles can lose function or spasm, causing your body to freeze in place.  You may not be able to release your grasp on the item that is causing the shock.

It’s impossible to predict exactly how mild or severe an electrical shock will be, as these factors can come in a variety of combinations.  Contact with water is a key ingredient that should always be avoided, as it can cause you and your surroundings to become much more conductive.

But we can all agree that it’s best to try to avoid shock hazards entirely.

The Un-Shocking Solution

A GFCI outlet can greatly reduce this risk of life threatening electrical shock.  The GFCI outlet was designed with the sole purpose of protecting people from electrical shock.

This is completely different than the protection a breaker provides at an electrical panel: A breaker protects the structure from damage or fire.  The breaker will trip when too much current is running through a circuit, protecting the wiring from overheating.  But if you are being shocked, the breaker may not trip quickly enough to save your life, or may not trip at all.

Enter the GFCI outlet, which is essential to protect people.  The GFCI outlet measures the amperage of the current flowing to and from the outlet.  If more power is going to the hot side of the outlet than is returning back through the neutral side, it will detect that difference, and interrupt the flow of electricity almost instantaneously.

This means that if you become a conductor for electricity to travel through your body, the outlet detects that less current is returning on the neutral side (because it is going through you), and it will shut off the power through the outlet within a fraction of a second.  This could very well save your life.  As explained earlier, when water is part of the equation, you can become a much better conductor, and the risk increases.

This is why GFCI outlets have long been required on outlets or circuits that might be used near running or standing water, such as outdoors, at kitchens, bathrooms, garages, laundry rooms, etc.

Starting in 1968, the National Electrical Code (NEC) began mandating the use of GFCI Outlets in certain circumstances and areas.

The required locations for these outlets have gradually increased over the years, and typically have only applied to new construction, major renovations and rental properties.

For more information, read the GFCI Fact Sheet from the Consumer Products Safety Commission.

GFCI Outlets vs. GFCI Breakers

You will typically see these GFCIs configured on the individual outlet itself (like the one shown above). However, GFCIs will also sometimes be installed at the main electrical panel. The two configurations differ in that a GFCI breaker will protect all outlets on its circuit, while an outlet GFCI only protects the individual outlet, or any subsequent outlets down-line.

GFCI breakers can be especially efficient when there are multiple outlets on a circuit that need GFCI protection. However, this option is generally more expensive for parts and installation labor, compared to GFCI outlets.

GFCI Outlets vs. AFCI Outlets

Take note that GFCIs are not to be confused with AFCIs. AFCIs, or Arc Fault Circuit Interrupters, work in conjunction with GFCIs. However, they are designed to prevent unintentional arcing from occurring at an outlet or electric panel. Arcing can be very dangerous and has been known to cause electrical fires. So AFCIs are certainly a must in any electrical system.

Both AFCIs and GFCIs can be installed on the same circuits and work great at preventing electrical mishaps!

For more information about AFCIs, check out our blog, AFCI Outlets and Breakers Explained. 

Inspecting GFCI Outlets

During a home inspections or rental inspections, there is almost inevitably a conversation about GFCI outlets.  Our inspectors will note the presence or absence of GFCI outlets or breakers in the required locations.  We will alert you to these locations, so that you know where they are in case they were to trip. And we will test them when possible to verify that they are working properly.

There are many cases where we find that the GFCIs are not working properly, and would not actually provide any form of shock protection.  GFCI components can wear out over time.

Or they can be wired incorrectly in a manner in which the outlet works, but does not actually trip and shut off power. These are safety hazards that our inspectors will seek to bring to your attention.

On older homes, GFCIs may not be present, as they may not have been required by code at the time that the house was built.  If they aren’t present in your home, you ought to consider installing them. In the case of rental properties, most codes will actually require them in certain areas (i.e. kitchens, bathrooms etc.), regardless of the home’s age.

GFCI outlets are relatively inexpensive, and a standard outlet can easily be swapped with a GFCI with minimal difficulty.  One GFCI outlet on the circuit can protect multiple outlets down-line, so you can often install just one on each required circuit, and the other outlets down-line on this circuit will be protected. GFCI breakers can also provide protection on an entire circuit, as mentioned above.

Test your GFCIs Periodically

Because the internal components can wear out over time, you should also test these yourself on a regular basis.  This can be done by plugging in a simple appliance such as a lamp, and pressing the “test” button. GFCI breakers also have the same “test” function built in.

The outlet should make an audible click or pop, and the power to the lamp should shut off.  When the “reset” button is pressed again, the lamp should turn back on, as power is restored to the outlet.

If the outlet does not trip, or if it sounds as if it trips but the power remains on, or if it will not reset after tripping, the outlet is faulty or incorrectly wired. An electrician should investigate and repair or replace the GFCI as needed.

There is also a new product on the market that notifies you when a GFCI outlet is tripped. This can be useful if important items are plugged into GFCI outlets. Learn more about these here.

The ASHI- certified Inspectors at Scott Home Services take safety concerns seriously – you should too.  Review where GFCI outlets need to be installed in your home and work with an electrician or qualified person to help update those outlets – your life may depend on it!

For more information on what is included in an our Home Inspections, visit our Inspection Services page.

Have you lost power in not one, but all of your bathrooms? Or maybe you have lost power in the outlets but the lights and fans still work? Or possibly, just the outlets and the lights above the vanity?

This odd occurrence is easily explained but can be concerning if you don’t understand the electrical workings of a modern home.

Luckily, there is usually a simple fix for this. But first, let’s talk about how bathrooms are wired according to today’s building code.

Electrical Requirements for Bathrooms

The International Code Council has very specific requirements for how bathrooms are wired in homes. We are not electricians and won’t get into specific code language, but one requirement is that all bathroom outlets be wired on a 20A circuit.

In even newer code versions, the lights and the bathroom outlets have to be on separate circuits.

Because 20A is a larger amount of power, it can power multiple bathrooms with no issues. So, to save space in the panel and not have multiple unique 20A circuits for each bathroom, you often see all bathrooms tied together on one 20A breaker. While this is not required, it is a practice that has gone back for multiple decades now.

Another requirement is that all bathrooms have GFCI protection. If you are not familiar with what GFCI outlets or breakers are, read our article about this topic here.

On a circuit, you only need one GFCI outlet, or a GFCI breaker to protect the entire chain of outlets. This is convenient from an electrician’s perspective but can be confusing to homeowners.

Knowing this information, let’s go through the steps to restoring power in your bathrooms.

Step 1: Check the GFCI

One of the bathrooms likely hosts a GFCI outlet. This is the outlet with 2 small buttons between the plugs. Reset and Test.

The most common reason for losing power in the bathrooms is a trip of this GFCI outlet. However, as we stated above, only 1 is needed on the circuit so the bathroom you were in when you lost power might not be the bathroom where the GFCI outlet is located.

Most electricians will install the GFCI outlet in the master bathroom. This is a logical place to put it but is also not a hard set rule. Check each bathroom for a GFCI outlet and ensure that it is reset.

When looking, there will likely be an orange light glowing in one of the corners indicating it has been tripped. Reset the outlet and the problem should be fixed! Nice work.

During our home inspections and rental inspections we test all GFCI’s we come across. If we find this specific bathroom GFCI that controls multiple bathrooms, we notate that in our reports as well.

Couple tips:

• Just because you found one GFCI that isn’t tripped, doesn’t mean this is not the issue. Ensure that you check every bathroom outlet as only the first GFCI in the chain will trip. Many homeowners and DIYers assume that every outlet around water needs to be a GFCI outlet. This is not the case and only the GFCI outlet closest to the breaker will actually trip if there is an issue.
• Check inside cabinets. We have seen some pretty interesting locations for these outlets. Look everywhere you can think of.
• On rare occasions, we have seen the bathrooms share a circuit with a GFCI outlet in the garage. If you can’t find anything in the bathrooms, consider checking inside the garage.
• GFCI outlets are prone to failure. We have run into many outlets that will not reset after they have tripped and need to be replaced. If the outlet is clearly tripped, but the reset button does not snap into place when you push it, then the outlet may need a full replacement.

Step 2: Check the Panel

This could arguably be step 1 as well. If the electrical issue that occurred wasn’t a ground fault, then the breaker itself may have tripped.

Take a look at the 20 amp breaker for the bathrooms. Hopefully your panel is labeled, but there is a good chance it isn’t. If there are no labels, you will need to look for a tripped breaker.

If you haven’t seen a tripped breaker before, it will appear as though the switch itself is halfway switched between on and off. If the panel is older it may appear all the way off. If a tripped breaker is found, you first need to flip the switch into the off position, then turn the breaker back on. If this solves your issue, then you are done!

There is a chance on newer homes that the breaker itself is a GFCI breaker and there are no GFCI outlets within the house. If this is the case, the 20A breaker that powers the bathrooms will have a small button next to the switch. This is a test button, the same as the test button on the outlets. If the power is lost due to a ground fault, the breaker will trip just as described above. Follow the same steps, and power should be restored.

During our inspections, we evaluate the panel and if GFCI breakers are present, we note them in our report for this very reason.

Step 3: Call an Electrician

If power is on at the panel, and you have looked at every outlet you can think of for a GFCI reset, then it may be time to call an electrician. There could be something bigger happening. When dealing with GFCI protection, correct wiring is very important and polarity issues or connection issues can cause power failures on these circuits.

At this point, you will need to have a professional electrician evaluate your system and make the necessary repairs to restore power. Hopefully it doesn’t come to this, but if it does you will at least know it wasn’t something as simple as a tripped GFCI.